![]() 2012), discrete wavelet transform (DWT) (Niu et al. The different wavelengths of light are each refracted differently and the light is split into a spectrum of colors. 2010), cascaded Butterworth (Ghafoori and Skone 2015), continuous wavelet transform (CWT) (Materassi and Mitchell 2007 Mushini et al. Diffraction is a characteristic of waves of all types. Different cases of diffraction and refraction effects are provided, showing the capability of the method in deriving a more accurate determination of the \(\sigma_\) correctly: polynomial fitting (Zhang et al. Diffraction is when a wave goes through a small hole and has a flared out geometric shadow of the slit. To test such a method, we analyze the data acquired from GPS and Galileo signals over Antarctica during the September 2017 storm by the ionospheric scintillation monitor receiver (ISMR) located in Concordia Station (75.10° S, 123.33° E). By relying on the capability of FIF to efficiently identify the frequencies embedded in the GNSS raw phase, we define a method based on the FIF-derived spectral features to identify the proper cutoff frequency for phase detrending. ![]() Thus, waves passing from one medium to another will undergo refraction. So if the media (or its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. It overcomes most of the problems that arise when using traditional time–frequency analysis techniques and relies on a consolidated mathematical basis since its a priori convergence and stability have been proved. Refraction, or bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. FIF has been conceived to decompose nonstationary signals efficiently and provide a discrete set of oscillating functions, each of them having its frequency. A wavelength and speed change are always present when refraction occurs while diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles and openings. Light can diffract while traveling in a medium. It is based on the fast iterative filtering signal decomposition technique, which is a recently developed fast implementation of the well-established adaptive local iterative filtering algorithm. The speed at which a light wave moves depends on the refractive index of the medium in which the light travels. We contribute to the debate on the identification of phase scintillation induced by the ionosphere on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) by introducing a phase detrending method able to provide realistic values of the phase scintillation index at high latitude. Diffraction is the bending of light at the corner of the hurdle when the light ray passes through the slit giving geometrical shadow.
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